Turtle Journal

Springtime Diamondback Terrapin Hatchling (2010 Cohort)

The greatest pleasure for a turtle researcher and for the Turtle Journal team is discovering springtime hatchlings.  These miraculous creatures were born in the early fall and have spent the entire winter burrowed underground either in their natal nests or in make-do hibernacula scratched in uplands.

Inch-Long Diamondback Terrapin Hatchling

Despite long, harsh winters here in the Great White North, buried in mounds of snow topped with crackling ice, these delicate 4-gram, 1-inch long miracles survive.  And when spring temperatures sneak into the mid-60s and sunshine bakes their upland hideouts, miniature turtles scramble to the surface to begin their arduous journey to the safety of their salt marsh nursery.  Unlike their brothers and sisters in the fall who scramble down-slope to the marsh in zigzag posses, these springtime hatchlings make the journey solo.  They wander in seemingly random patterns akin to the mathematician’s “drunkard walk,” and somehow a few dodge hungry predators and avoid dehydration to reach their destination.  Sometimes it takes the intervention of an observant turtle watcher like Becky Okrent of Lieutenant Island to rescue a weakened hatchling nomad like this one.

Springtime Hatchling with Depleted Yolk Sac

When first born in the early fall, terrapin hatchlings are blessed with a large yolk sac of energy to keep them going through the hard winter months without the worry of active foraging.  In the Great White North, babies must entered winter brumation almost as soon as they emerge from the nest as new-born hatchlings.  The nourishment of the yolk sac sustains them through the fall search for a winter underground hideout and through the long seven months of brumation.  In the image of this hatchling shown above, the protruding yolk sac has disappeared and the plastron has begun to heal over.  By the summer, there will be no sign of where the yolk sac had been.

The World through Hatchling Eyes

Thanks to a little human kindness from Becky and Dan Okrent, this tiny hatchling was rescued from its aimless wanderings.  It will now receive a little “head start” on its way to survival from the outstanding husbandry at the Cape Cod Museum of Natural History in Brewster.  You can visit this tiny miracle at the museum this summer before it returns to the wild to continue restoration of Cape Cod’s diamondback terrapin population.

Sippican Harbor Northern Diamondback Terrapin

Turtle Journal sampled the population of northern diamondback terrapins (Malaclemys terrapin terrapin) in Marion’s Sippican Harbor off Buzzards Bay this weekend.  Since Marion is headquarters for the Turtle Journal team, we approach this survey each year with deep melancholy.  After nearly a decade of research in Marion, each season confirms our findings that this population in Sippican Harbor is severely distressed and may be on the unalterable path toward extirpation within this estuary of Buzzards Bay.

Don Lewis Examines Diamondback Terrapin

How can we assess the relative health of this population of elusive turtles and its trend without being able to physically count each and every specimen?  Random sampling and the capture-mark-recapture technique.  Each spring after emergence from winter brumation, during the mating aggregation and before nesting dispersal, terrapins are briefly captured by researchers.  All scientific data collection occurs in the field to allow immediate return into the wild with minimal disturbance.  Each specimen is measured, weighed and assessed for overall health.  If not previously captured, a turtle receives a unique identification number, so that we can follow its progress throughout its life.  (ASIDE:  In our principal research site, we have observed individual specimens for the entire 32 year length of the study!)  Pictures of its carapace (top shell), plastron (bottom shell), profile, and any anomalies are taken and included in the research database.

Capturing Terrapins from Kayak

We have discovered over the last three decades that the most humane way and safest technique for capturing wild terrapins in our local conditions is by hand-netting from a kayak.  For many of these terrapin populations, it also proves the most effective and efficient means to obtain unbiased samplings of both genders and all ages from juvenile to ancient.  Other techniques, such as trapping, trolling and seining, have proven ineffective within Cape Cod estuaries and carry risks to the animals.  Hand capturing female terrapins on nesting runs is highly effective and safe, but misses entire segments of the population.  (ASIDE:  An equally safe and effective capture technique is wading with hand nets, but unfortunately this method can only be used in very limited circumstances and areas … none of which apply to our Buzzards Bay estuaries.)

Sue Wieber Nourse Releases Large Female Terrapins

When sampling a healthy population with signs of recovery such as Wellfleet Bay on the Outer Cape, where effective long-term conservation measures have turned around a formerly distressed system, the percentage of recaptures in comparison to newly captured turtles remains well under 50% … even after 30 years of sustained research.  In fact, with the new conservation measures initiated in 2000, recapture rates dropped significantly beginning in 2007 indicating a rebounding population.  Unfortunately in Sippican Harbor, the recapture rates has been in the high 90% since the initial sampling nearly a decade ago and remain tragically high.  Of the six individuals captured this weekend, for instance, five were recaptures with long histories since the beginning of the Marion research effort.

Six Terrapins Released into Sippican Harbor

Why are Sippican terrapins in trouble?  The simplest answer is that humans have transformed the natural estuarine habitat of Sippican Harbor in ways that have been extremely detrimental to terrapins and the entire marine ecosystem.  Salt marshes have been fragmented and filled in; marsh grasses mowed down & plucked out to increase bathing spots.  Lush suburban lawns and playing fields have been extended to the waterline.  Coasts have been armored in sea walls, and dirt roads and pathways have been asphalted or graveled.  The coastline is sand-starved with protective barrier beaches eroding away.  For terrapins, they have lost upland nesting, nursery habitat in salt marshes, and foraging areas.  Human construction has intruded right into their once secluded mating aggregation.  In the end, the numbers tell the tale.  Very few recruits enter the system, and as the small existing population of turtles yields over time to human disturbance and old age, Sippican Harbor will be purged of this bellwether species.

Diamondback Terrapins Meet Nat & Kaye Emens

Turtle Journal brought its multimedia Turtles Gone Wild presentation to the Lakeville Historical Society on Wednesday night.  To be certain that Don Lewis and Sue Wieber Nourse got all the facts right, a cadre of hard-shelled guests came along to keep the Turtle Journal team on the straight and narrow.  A female and male pair of diamondback terrapins took the night off from romance at the Outer Cape mating aggregation.  A female spotted turtle came along from a SouthCoast bog where she has been waiting for her turn to nest.  And a two year old juvenile painted turtle thought it would be fun to show off his stuff for two legged critters.

Historical Society Members Meet Male Diamondback Terrapin

While the SRO (standing room only) crowd endured Don’s turtle stories, they truly lit up when Sue introduced them to our reptilian guests.

Dad Meets Momma Terp; Daughter Holds Handsome Dude

Of all the specimens on hand, none wowed the audience more than the diamondback terrapin pair.  As is the way with terrapins, the female is significantly larger than her male companion.  At the end of the evening, all went off into an exquisite May evening knowing a lot more about turtles and their history in Massachusetts, and smiling at the comical antics of these warm-hearted, cold-blooded creatures.

Baby Painted Turtle

It’s that time again.  In the next six weeks, local Cape Cod turtles will leave the quiet safety of woods, ponds and estuaries to trek into the noisy bustle of civilization to deposit eggs for the next generation of hard-shelled reptiles.  They need our help to escape the hazards of modern life as intrepid turtles fearlessly venture across Route 6, Route 28, neighborhood streets and dirt roadways to reach nesting sites.

 Local turtles spent the long, cold winter burrowed deeply underground or buried under layers of ooze at the bottom of ponds, brooks and estuaries.  They woke in April as temperatures rose, and after a quick warm-up basking in spring sunshine, they turned their thoughts to love and courtship.  Now eggs are ready for in-ground incubation, and the time has come for females to trek to nesting sites to deposit the next generation of Cape Cod turtles.  Such epic journeys entail considerable risk.

Four Species of Cape Cod Turtles

Why did the turtle cross the road?

Impelled by immutable laws of Nature stronger than their instinct for personal survival, turtles must reach viable nesting grounds across near impossible obstacles that sprawling civilization has lain before them.  With Sisyphean persistence turtles tackle highway crossings, over and over again, until they successfully reach the other side or die in the process.  For turtles there is no Plan B.  Restrained by neither angst nor doubt, they soldier on as though one of Tennyson’s heroic six hundred. 

Half an inch, half an inch,

Half an inch onward,

‘Cross the highway of death

Crawled bravely the turtles.

===== 

Cars to the right of them,

Cars to the left of them,

Cars in front of them,

Crawled boldly the turtles.

===== 

Theirs not to make reply,

Theirs not to reason why

Theirs but to cross or die,

Crawled nobly the turtles.

  =====

Nesting season has begun

The nesting season usually kicks off with painted turtles that wake early in protected ponds, followed by spotted turtles, snappers, box turtles and diamondback terrapins.  No exception this year, the Turtle Journal team found a depredated painted turtle nest on May 17^th, and Wellfleet Bay Wildlife Sanctuary sighted a painted turtle on a nesting run on Friday, May 20^th.  So far this season, we haven’t witnessed longer cross roadway treks, but it’s just a matter of days until warmer weather arrives as predicted for later this week.

Snapping Turtle Deposits Eggs in Outer Cape Nest

A while back, a very large expectant snapping turtle decided to cross Route 6 in Truro near Pamet Road from east to west.  As she edged onto the highway on a gorgeous early June morning, traffic screeched to a halt.  A responding police officer carefully tugged her back to the shoulder and down the east bank.  (One must be extremely careful with a determined 60-pound snapper, if one wishes to disengage with the same number of fingertips one began the task.)  Of course, 30 minutes later the traffic was jammed again when this relentless lady re-climbed the bank and began one more time to dodge cars.  Luckily, the Truro dispatcher reached Turtle Journal’s hotline (508-274-5108) who managed to entice the snapper into a bucket and raced her across Route 6 to the west side.  One more turtle saved with little inconvenience to tourists or snapper.

No one should risk life and limb, and children should only get involved with adult supervision, but a moment of human kindness can erase a ton of human negligence in the way we’ve scarred and fragmented the environment.  It’s good for the turtles, good for humanity, and good for the soul.

2010 Turtles of Outer Cape Field School Discovers Loagy Bay

Learn more and save lives

If you’d like to learn more about Cape Cod turtles, Mass Audubon is offering a hands-on Turtles of Outer Cape field school from 22 thru 25 June at Wellfleet Bay Wildlife Sanctuary.  The Turtle Journal Team, Don Lewis and Sue Wieber Nourse; renowned Cape Cod naturalist and turtle expert Bob Prescott; and author Dr. Barbara Brenessel will lead field adventures to discover the secrets of these hard-shelled reptiles and to save two rare and protected species of turtles on the Outer Cape: Northern Diamondback Terrapins and Eastern Box Turtles.  For more information contact Mass Audubon’s Melissa Lowe at 508-349-2615.

While an optimistic attitude is always the best policy, we’re hopeful that for the next six weeks we can encourage you to look down rather than up.  If you spot a turtle at risk, take a moment to help out.  If the situation is too dicey, call the Turtle Journal hotline at 508-274-5108.  If you see a turtle nesting and you’d like advice on how to protect those eggs from predators, call the hotline.  To learn more about turtles and to follow the ongoing saga of nature on Cape Cod, visit Turtle Journal at www.turtlejournal.com.